Modifications, Surface Morphology, and Mineral Composition of Clay Obtained from Southern Nigeria
Keywords:
acid-leached clay, albite, calcined clay, muscovite, nacrite, silicate mineralAbstract
Communication in Physical Sciences, 2023, 10(1): 40-56
Authors: Ukeme O. Isaac, Ibanga O. Isaac*, Itoro E. Willie, Etiyene I. Essiet, Rasheed Babalola, and Udo J. Ibok
Received: 18 March 2023/Accepted 25 September 2023
The concept of green chemistry has in recent times played a vital role in the processing of feedstocks from locally sourced materials for the production of vast industrial products. This has, to a greater extent, resulted in the sustainability of a greener environment and economy. This research aimed to evaluate the mineral composition, characterization, and modifications of clay obtained from southern Nigeria. The clay sample collected at Ikot Ekang, Etinan Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, was leached with a mixture of concentrated tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid and trioxonitrate (V) acid (4:1 v/v) to obtain acid-leached clay (AC). The acid-treated clay was calcined at a high temperature of 1050 °C for 2 hours to obtain modified calcined clay (CC). The untreated clay was labeled OC. The surface characteristics, functional groups, minerals, oxides, and elemental compositions of OC, AC, and CC were evaluated using standard methods. The OC and AC show three absorption bands at 3623–3693.8 cm-1 regions. These peaks were absent in the CC sample. There was no significant difference at p ˂ 0.05 in the mineral composition among the OC, AC, and CC samples, and the p-value was 0.999958. The Pearson correlation coefficient shows that the minerals of sample CC were strongly positively correlated with those of OC (R = 0.774; R2 = 0.5991) and AC (R = 0.9436; R2 = 0.8904). The percentage of quartz, syn, muscovite, and orthoclase minerals in OC, AC, and CC varied between 31–56%, 8.1–23%, and 1.87–9.8%, respectively. The surface morphology of the OC sample was plate-like, while surface porosity increased from AC to CC. The clay sample from southern Nigeria is mainly kaolinite clay, and the modification of clay through leaching with acid and calcination improves the mineral composition and quality of the clay minerals.
Downloads
References
Cai, X.L., Li, C.J., Tang, Q., Zhen, B.W., Xie, X.L., Zhu, W.F., Zhou, C.H., & Wang, L.J. (2019). Assembling kaolinite nanotube at water/oil interface for enhancing pickering emulsion stability. Appl. Clay Science, 172, pp. 115–122.
Chougan, M., Ghaffar, S. H., Nematollahi, B., Sikora, P., Dorn, T., Stephen, D., Alber, A., & Al-Kheetan, M. J. (2022). Effect of natural and calcined halloysite clay minerals as low-cost additives on the performance of 3D-printed alkali-activated materials. Materials & Design., 223, pp. 11188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2022.111183.
Djomgoue, P., & Njopwouo, D. (2013). FT-IR spectroscopy applied for surface clays
characterization. Jour. Surface Engineered Mate. & Adv. Technology, 3, pp. 275-282.
Ekpa, O.D., & Isaac, I.O. (2008). The effect of mineral acids (HCl, H3PO4) on the bleaching property of clay on palm oil. New Era Res. Jour. Eng. Sci. & Tech., 1, 2, pp.141-150.
Ewis, D., Ba-Abbad, M. M., Benamor, A., & El-Naas, M. H. (2022). Adsorption of organic water pollutants by clays and clay minerals composites: A comprehensive review. Appl. Clay Science, 229, pp. 106686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2022.106686
Gao, P., He, Z.I., Gary, G.L., Li, S.J., Xiao, X.M., Han, Y.Q., & Zhang, R.Q. (2020). Mixed seawater and hydrothermal sources of nodular chert in Middle Permian limestone on the eastern Paleo-Tethys margin (South China). Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecology, 55, pp. 1–17.
Gogoi, P., Boruah, M., Bora, C., & Dolui, S. K. (2014). Jatropha curcas oil based alkyd/epoxy resin/expanded graphite (EG) reinforced bio-composite: Evaluation of the thermal, mechanical and flame retardancy properties. Prog. Org. Coating, 77, pp. 87-93.
Isaac, I. O., & Hameed, A. (2020). Synthesis of pharmacologically active hexahydroacridine-1, 8 (2H, 5H)-diones using nickel (II) fluoride tetrahydrate as a new heterogeneous catalyst. Communication in Physical Science, 5, 2, pp. 83-98.
Isaac, I. O., Uwanta, E. J., Obadimu, C. O., & Etuk, G. E. (2020). Performance analysis of inactivated and acid activated marine and terrestrial shells based adsorbent as an alternative bleaching material for palm oil. Sensor Letters, 18, pp. 1-10.
Isaac, I. O., Willie, I. E., & Thompson, Q. S. (2022b). Studies on the utilization of Hura crepitans seed oil, aqueous extract of Curcuma longa L., aluminum, and magnesium metallic soaps in the preparation of emollient cream. Researchers Jour. Sc. & Technology, 2, 3, pp. 18-27.
Isaac, I.O., Etesin, U.M., Nya, E.J., Ukpong, E.J., Isotuk, U.G., & Ibok, U.J. (2022a). Ethnobotanical study, phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts of thirty-two medicinal plants from Southern Nigeria. Jour. Med. Plants Research, 16, 10, pp. 288-299.
Jamo, H. U. (2016). Structural analysis and surface morphology of quartz. Bayero Jour. Pure & Appl. Science, 9, 2, pp. 23 0 – 233.
Janek, M. N., Buga, I., Lorenc, D., Szocs, V., Velic, D., & Chorvat, D. (2009). Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy of selected layered silicates. Clays & Clay Minerals, 57, 4, pp. 416–424.
Jin, X., Chen, L., Chen, H., Zhang, L., Wang, W., Ji, H., Deng, S., & Jiang, L. (2021). XRD and TEM analyses of a simulated leached rare earth ore deposit: Implications for clay mineral contents and structural evolution. Ecotoxicol. & Environ. Safety, 225, pp. 112728. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112728.
Jozanikohan, G., & Abarghooei, M. N. (2022). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis for the clay mineralogy studies in a clastic reservoir. Jour. Petrol. Exploration & Prod. Technology, 12, pp. 2093–2106.
Khang, V. C., Korovkin, M. V., & Ananyeva, L. G. (2016). Identification of clay minerals in reservoir rocks by FTIR spectroscopy. IOP Conf. Series: Earth & Environ. Science, 43, pp. 012004. DOI:10.1088/1755-1315/43/1/012004
Lawal, J. A., Odeyemi, O. T., Anaun, T. E., & Omotehinwa, F. H. (2022). Characterization and potential industrial applications of kaolinite from Argungu, Kebbi State, Nigeria. Int. Jour. Scientific & Eng. Research, 13, 4, pp. 776 – 791.
Lei, H., Huang, W., Jiang, Q., & Luo, P. (2022). Genesis of clay minerals and its insight for the formation of limestone marl alterations in Middle Permian of the Sichuan Basin. Journal Petroleum Science & Engineering, 218, pp. 111014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2022.111014
Li, J., Cai, Z., Chen, H., Cong, F., Wang, L., Wei, Q., & Luo, Y.J.P. (2018). Influence of differential diagenesis on primary depositional signals in limestone-marl alternations: An example from Middle Permian marine successions, South China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecology, 495, pp. 139–151.
Nascimento, G. M. D. (2016). Structure of clays and polymer–clay composites studied by X-ray absorption spectroscopies. In: Clay, Clay Minerals and Ceramic Materials Based on Clay Minerals (eds. G.M.D. Nascimento), ExLi4EvA, ISBN-10:953-51-2259-2.
Panda, B., Unluer, C., & Tana, M. J. (2019). Extrusion and rheology characterization of geopolymer nanocomposites used in 3D printing. Composites Part B., 176, pp. 107290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107290.
Pour-Esmaeil, S., Qazvini, N. T., & Mahdayi, H. (2014). Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) based on gelatin/poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate/clay nanocomposites: Structure-properties relationship. Mat. Chm & Physics, 143, pp. 1396-1403.
Ruiz, A. I., Ruiz-García, C., & Ruiz-Hitzky, E. (2023). From old to new inorganic materials for advanced applications: The paradigmatic example of the sepiolite clay mineral. Appl. Clay Science, 235, pp. 106874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2023.106874
Sachan, A., & Penumadu, D. (2007). Identification of microfabric of kaolinite clay mineral using X-ray diffraction technique. Geotech. Geol. Engineering, 25, pp. 603–616.
Shi, K., Chen, J., Pang, X., & Jiang, F. (2023). Wettability of different clay mineral surfaces in shale: Implications from molecular dynamics simulations. Petroleum Science, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2023.02.001.
Stocchi, E. (1990). Industrial Chemistry (Vol.1). Ellis Horwood Ltd, England.
Su, C.P. Li, F., Tan, X.C., Gong, Q.L., Zeng, K., Tang, H., Li, M.L., & Wang, X.F. (2020). Recognition of diagenetic contribution to the formation of limestone-marl alternations: A case study from Permian of South China. Mar. Petrol. Geology, 111, pp 765–785.
Wang, S., Gainey, L., Mackinnon, I.D.R., Allen, C., Gu, Y., & Xi, Y. (2022). Thermal behaviors of clay minerals as key components and additives for fired brick properties: A review”, Jour. Building Engineering, 66, pp 105802. doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105802.
Worrall, W.E. (1982). Ceramic raw materials (2nd revised ed.), Pergamon Press, UK.
Wu, Z., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Xu, Lin, Y., Liang, Z. X., & Cheng, H. (2023). Review of rare earth element (REE) adsorption on and desorption from clay minerals: Application to formation and mining of ion-adsorption REE deposits. Ore Geo. Reviews, 157, pp. 105446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105446.
Xu, F., Onel, O., Council-Troche, M., Noble, A., Yoon, R.H., & Morrisa, J.R. (2021). A study of rare earth ion-adsorption clays: The speciation of rare earth elements on kaolinite at basic pH. Appl. Clay Science, 201, pp. 105920. doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2020.105920
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal and Author
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
