Geophysical and Geotechnical Investigations of Failed Sections of Road Pavements in Parts of Northcentral Nigeria
Keywords:
Sub-surface soils, Road pavement, VES, Subgrade, Geoelectric layersAbstract
Communication in Physical Sciences, 2023, 9(3):256-268
Authors: Ernest Orji Akudo*, Kizito Ojochenemi Musa, Fabian Apeh Akpah, Jamilu Bala Ahmed II, Simeon Idowu, Mary Shaibu
Received: 12 May 2023/Accepted 28 June 2023/
Due to the incessant failure of roads in Nigeria, geophysical and geotechnical studies were conducted along Crusher-Felele Road and Natako-Felele Road in Lokoja, Northcentral Nigeria to unravel the lithology, deformational features, underlying geology, and ultimately the causes of such failures. The geophysical methods involved electrical resistivity, while the geotechnical methods include Grain size analysis, Liquid limit (LL), Plastic limit (PL), Plasticity index (PI), Linear shrinkage (LS), Compaction, and California bearing ratio (CBR) tests respectively. From the 3geoelectric parameters retrieved by interpreting the VES soundings quantitatively, 3 to 4 geoelectric layers exist (topsoil/unweathered layered, weathered layer, partially weathered layer, and fresh basement layer) accordingly. The second layer possesses a low resistivity range (1.2-88.7 Ωm), revealing weak and saturated zones capable of jeopardizing the integrity and stability of the road pavement. The grain size analysis results show that the percentage of soils passing sieves No. 10, 40, and 200 falls within the range of 55-98.3%, 21-50.6%, and 2.0-8.2% respectively. The range of the result for the LL (21.1-38.6%,), PL (6-23.1%), PI (0.0-17.1%), LS (5.0-9.3%), Optimum moisture content (11-17%), Maximum dry density (1835-1980 kg/m3), unsoaked CBR (27-62%) and soaked CBR (15-35%) reveals the properties of the soils. Based on AASHTO classification, the soils are grouped as A-2-4, A-1-b, and A-2-6 representing silty sand, or silty gravelly, and clayey sand respectively. The soils are fairly good as pavement subgrade but poor as sub-base materials.
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References
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Aigbadon, G.O., Ocheli, A. & Akudo, E.O. (2021). Geotechnical evaluation of gully erosion and landslides materials and their impact in Iguosa and its environs , southern Nigeria. Environmental Systems Research pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-021-00240-6
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ASTM D1883. (2007). Standard test method for CBR (California bearing ratio) of laboratory-compacted soil.
Cabalar, A.F. & Mustafa, W.S. (2015). Fall cone tests on clay – sand mixtures. Engineering Geology 192, pp. 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.04.009
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Momoh, L.O., Akintorinwa, O. & Olorunfemi, M.O. (2008) Geophysical Investigation of Highway Failure -A Case Study from the Basement Complex Terrain of Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 4, 6, pp. 637–648.
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Obaje, N.G, Moumouni, A., Goki, N.G. & Chaanda, M.S. (2011) Stratigraphy, Paleogeography and Hydrocarbon Resource Potentials of the Bida Basin in North- Central Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 47,2, pp. 97–114.
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Olayanju, G.M., Mogaji, K.A., Lim, H.S. & Ojo, T.S. (2017). Foundation integrity assessment using integrated geophysical and geotechnical techniques : case study in crystalline basement complex , southwestern Nigeria. J. Geophys. Engineering 14, pp. 675–690.
Osinowo, O., Oladunjoye, M.A, Olayinka. & I.O. (2011). Integrated Geophysical and Geotechnical investigation of the failed portion of a road in Basement complex terrain, Southwestern Nigeria. Mater. Geoenvirons 58, 2, pp. 143–162.
Osinowo, O.O. & Falufosi, M.O. (2018) 3D Electrical Resistivity Imaging ( ERI ) for subsurface evaluation in pre-engineering construction site investigation. NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics 7,2, pp. 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrjag.2018.07.001
Oyelami, C. A. & Alimi, S. A. (2015). Geotechnical investigation of some failed sections along Osogbo-Awo Road, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Ife Journal of Sciences, 17,1, pp. 87–95.
Ozulu, G.U, Essien, G.P. & Akudo, E.O. (221) Geological and Geospatial Mapping of Vulnerability Areas for Proper Flood Mitigation : Ganaja , Lokoja Metrop AASHTO (1993) Guide for design of pavement structures.
Adefisan, E.A. & Egiku, J. (2018) Vulnerability Assessment of 2015 Flood in North Central Nigeria Using Integrated Approach of Hydrological Model and GIS,. Global Scientific Journals (GSJ) 6, 8, pp. 262–275.
Aderemi, F. L. & Adeola, R. O. (2021) Geophysical Investigation of Causes of Road Failure along Abadina Community Road , University Of Ibadan , Nigeria . Journal of Research in Environmental and Earth Sciences 7, 1, pp. 1–5.
Adiat, K.A.N., Akinlalu, A.A. & Adegoroye, A.A. (2017). NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics Evaluation of road failure vulnerability section through integrated geophysical and geotechnical studies. NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics 6, 1, pp. 244–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrjag.2017.04.006
Aghamelu, O., Odoh, B. & Egboka, B.C. (2011). A geotechnical investigation on the structural failures of building projects in parts of Awka, southeastern Nigeria. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 4, 9, pp. 1119–1124.
Aigbadon, G.O., Ocheli, A. & Akudo, E.O. (2021). Geotechnical evaluation of gully erosion and landslides materials and their impact in Iguosa and its environs , southern Nigeria. Environmental Systems Research pp. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-021-00240-6
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) D4318. (n.d.). Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils.
ASTM D1883. (2007). Standard test method for CBR (California bearing ratio) of laboratory-compacted soil.
Cabalar, A.F. & Mustafa, W.S. (2015). Fall cone tests on clay – sand mixtures. Engineering Geology 192, pp. 154–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.04.009
Cabalar, A.F., Hassan, D.I. & Abdulnafaa, M.D. (2016). Use of waste ceramic tiles for road pavement subgrade. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 0629 https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2016.1194884
D698, A. (American S. for T. and materials). (n.d.). Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)).
Dhar, S. & Hussain, M. (2018) The strength behaviour of lime-stabilized plastic fibre-reinforced clayey soil. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 0629(May). https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2018.1468803
Ede, A.N. (2010). Building Collapse in Nigeria: the Trend of Casualties in the Last Decade (2000 -2010). International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS IJENS I J E N S, 10,6, pp. 32–42.
Egboka, B.C.E., Orji, A. E. & Nwankwoala, H.O. (2019) Gully Erosion and Landslides in Southeastern Nigeria : Causes, Consequences and Control Measures. Global Journal of Engineering Sciences 2,4, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.33552/GJES.2019.02.000541
Fajana, A.O. (2020) Integrated geophysical investigation of aquifer and its groundwater potential in phases 1 and 2 , Federal University Oye ‑ Ekiti , south ‑ western basement complex of Nigeria. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment 6,3, pp. 1707–1725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-020-00785-y
Federal Ministry of Works and Housing (1997). General Specification for Roads and Bridges.
Ighodaro, C.A. (2009) Transport infrastructure and economic growth in Nigeria. J. Res. National Dev. 7,2.
Iwena (2012) Essential geography for senior secondary Schools. Tonad Publishers Limited, Lagos, Nigeria.
Jekayinfa, S.M. & Osinowo, O.O. (2021). Geophysical and Geotechnical Investigation of Road Pavement Failure in Part of Geophysical and Geotechnical Investigation of Road Pavement Failure in Part of Ibadan Metropolis Southwestern Nigeria. Sian Journal of Geological Research 4, 4, pp. 17–31.
Keller, G.V. & Frischnecht, F.C. (1966) Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.
Koefoed, O. (1979) Geosounding Principles, 1. Resistivity Sounding Measurements. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Comp., s.
Kowalczyk, S., Cabalski, K. & Radzikowski, M. (2016). Application of Geophysical methods in the evaluation of anthropogenic transformation of the ground. Engineering Geology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.11.008
Kowalczyk, S., Zawrzykraj, P. & Maslakowski, M. (2017) Application of the electrical resistivity method in assessing soil for the foundation of bridge structures : A case study from the Warsaw environs Acta Geodyn. Geomater 14,2, pp. 221–234. https://doi.org/10.13168/AGG.2017.0005
Maślakowski, M., Kowalczyk, S., Mieszkowski, R. & Józefiak K (2014) Using electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) as a tool in geotechnical investigation of the substrate of a highway. Studia Quaternaria 31,2, pp. 83–89. https://doi.org/10.2478/squa-2014-0008
Mendoza, C. & Caicedo, B. (2017) Elastoplastic framework of relationships between CBR and Young ’ s modulus for granular material. Road Materials and Pavement Design, 0629(July). https://doi.org/10.1080/14680629.2017.1347517
Momoh, L.O., Akintorinwa, O. & Olorunfemi, M.O. (2008) Geophysical Investigation of Highway Failure -A Case Study from the Basement Complex Terrain of Southwestern Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 4, 6, pp. 637–648.
Musa, K. & Schoeneich, K. (2011) Estimate of Groundwater Resources, Water Demand and Supply to Lokoja metropolis of Kogi state, nigeria. A Journal of the Environmental and Social Sciences 22, 1&2, pp. 68–79.
Nwajide, C. (2013) Geology of Nigeria’s Sedimentary basins. CSS Bookshop Ltd Lagos.
Obaje, N.G, Moumouni, A., Goki, N.G. & Chaanda, M.S. (2011) Stratigraphy, Paleogeography and Hydrocarbon Resource Potentials of the Bida Basin in North- Central Nigeria. Journal of Mining and Geology 47,2, pp. 97–114.
Ojo, O.J. & Akande, S.O. (2020). Journal of African Earth Sciences A revised stratigraphy of the Bida Basin , Nigeria by Rahaman et al. ( 2019 ). Journal of African Earth Sciences, 172. pp. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2020.103983
Olayanju, G.M., Mogaji, K.A., Lim, H.S. & Ojo, T.S. (2017). Foundation integrity assessment using integrated geophysical and geotechnical techniques : case study in crystalline basement complex , southwestern Nigeria. J. Geophys. Engineering 14, pp. 675–690.
Osinowo, O., Oladunjoye, M.A, Olayinka. & I.O. (2011). Integrated Geophysical and Geotechnical investigation of the failed portion of a road in Basement complex terrain, Southwestern Nigeria. Mater. Geoenvirons 58, 2, pp. 143–162.
Osinowo, O.O. & Falufosi, M.O. (2018) 3D Electrical Resistivity Imaging ( ERI ) for subsurface evaluation in pre-engineering construction site investigation. NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics 7,2, pp. 309–317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nrjag.2018.07.001
Oyelami, C. A. & Alimi, S. A. (2015). Geotechnical investigation of some failed sections along Osogbo-Awo Road, Osun State, Southwestern Nigeria. Ife Journal of Sciences, 17,1, pp. 87–95.
Ozulu, G.U, Essien, G.P. & Akudo, E.O. (221) Geological and Geospatial Mapping of Vulnerability Areas for Proper Flood Mitigation : Ganaja , Lokoja Metropolis , North- Central Nigeria Geological and Geospatial Mapping of Vulnerability Areas for Proper Flood. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 8,3, pp. 267–275.
Tsado, R, Adejumo, T.W, Aguwa, J. & David, B. (2018) Geotechnical Analysis of Lateritic Soil from Selected Borrow Pits in Minna Metropolis. Nigerian Institution of Civil Engineers 16th International Conference and Annual General Meeting, pp. 130–141.
olis , North- Central Nigeria Geological and Geospatial Mapping of Vulnerability Areas for Proper Flood. International Journal of Environment and Geoinformatics 8,3, pp. 267–275.
Tsado, R, Adejumo, T.W, Aguwa, J. & David, B. (2018) Geotechnical Analysis of Lateritic Soil from Selected Borrow Pits in Minna Metropolis. Nigerian Institution of Civil Engineers 16th International Conference and Annual General Meeting, pp. 130–141.
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